Stargazing

A Handbook for Night Sky Tour Guides

These are tried and proven blueprints for guiding your companions through the mysterious depths of the night sky. Each tour follows a plan that mixes astronomy, legends, and the immediate beauty of the stars to create a lively and interesting stargazing experience. Whether you are educating your campers or impressing your date, these sky tours offer a broad selection of celestial gems that you can use.

This entire section of our website is compliments of MAS member Randy Culp. He wrote this for his own website and notes that there are several mirror sites (copies, which he takes as a compliment). His site will be continually up to date and improved, but we hope ours will be as well.

Index to the Tours

Click on the symbol for the season to go to that tour. Click on the symbol while you're in the tour to come back to this page.

Note that each tour stands by itself. They all cover the same fundamental astronomy principles, each in its own way according to what's up for the season.

Spring Sky Tour

March, April, & May

The Big Dipper becomes our guide to the entire night sky.

Auriga	Gemini	Bootes
Cancer	Hydra	Corvus
Crater	Leo	Ursa Major
Ursa Minor	Draco	Virgo
Coma Berenices	Canis Minor	Corona Borealis
Canes Venatici

Summer Sky Tour

June, July, & August

It seems nearly all the best of the deep sky objects hang out here

Ursa Major	Ursa Minor	Cassiopeia
Bootes	Canes Venatici	Draco
Virgo	Cepheus	Sagittarius
Ophiuchus	Serpens	Scorpius
Aquila	Cygnus	Sagitta
Delphinus	Equuleus	Lyra
Hercules	Corona Borealis

Autumn Sky Tour

September, October, & November

The Andromeda legend dominates with six constellations

Andromeda	Perseus	Cassiopeia
Cepheus	Pegasus	Cetus
Capricornus	Aquarius	Pisces
Aries	Triangulum	Piscis Austrinus
Cygnus	Aquila	Little & Big Dipper
Delphinus	Sagitta	Lyra
Equuleus	Draco

Winter Sky Tour

December, January, & February

The chilly winter sky is the brightest of the year, featuring the Orion Nebula

Orion	Taurus	Auriga
Ursa Major	Ursa Minor	Andromeda
Perseus	Lepus	Canis Major
Canis Minor	Gemini	Leo
Cancer	Aries	Triangulum
Cetus	Cassiopeia	Cepheus

Index to the Constellations A Summary of the Constellations and the Features of Each

Judging the Sky by Eye How to Gauge the Clarity of Your Night Sky Using the Constellations

Star Hopping A method to find celestial objects

Recommended Equipment - By Randy Culp

Reference Guides
The single best book to have is the Audubon Society Field Guide to the Night Sky. I have over 40 books on astronomy and I find I keep going back to this one. Plus it fits in your back pocket.

Also handy is Orion DeepMap 600 which can be found at www.telescope.com. A nice view of the entire night sky in a single shot.

Note that you want these for preparation in advance. If you plan on referencing them while you're stargazing, bring along a red LED flashlight, which will prevent you from destroying your night vision once your eyes are dark-adapted.
Flashlight
You don't want this for seeing so much as you want it for pointing out stars and tracing out constellations. You therefore want one with a highly focused beam that will give you a searchlight shaft into the night sky. (If you can afford a green laser pointer - these are much cooler and more high-tech than a flashlight - just be careful where you point it. Obviously not at buildings, cars, or aircraft, but also make sure a nearby astronomer is not trying to get an image while you're waving your laser, or flashlight, around.)
Binoculars
The single most versatile instrument for astronomy is a pair of 10x50 binoculars. They're small and light so they can go on any outing, and they're powerful. In fact, a little too powerful -- at 10x magnification you need to control the shaking from your hands to get the full resolving power of the image. (Some people prefer 7x50 or 8x50 for this reason.) Laying on your back, bracing the binoculars with your hands against your face, works really well for steadying out the shaking. You can also get a tripod mount for most binoculars.

Decent ones (Meade, Celestron, Orion, Bushnell) will go for around $50, excellent ones will go for as much as ten times that (or more of course). Avoid the cheap ones (think of how much you can see through those magnifying glasses from cereal boxes).
Telescope
Only if you really think you need it. For stargazing purposes you won't use it extensively, although it can add a nice touch. Decent ones start at around $150, and the prices for good ones quickly skyrocket from there -- from $400 to $1000 for a nice and reasonably mobile instrument. The diameter of the objective lens, which is the most important dimension of a telescope, needs to be greater than 3 inches for the telescope to do much good.

The telescope I use is a Meade ETX (the original, with a 3.5" objective). I have it on every campout because it's compact and travels well. For more challenging targets (and more impressive telescope images) we rely on one of the dads who occasionally brings along a 10-inch scope.

The tours are just fine without a telescope at all. I include the telescope objects in case you have access to one and you really want to use it. If you don't use it, no one will miss it. In fact, even though I usually have binoculars handy for stargazing (and personally I really like them), I have found that the tours are just fine with no optical aids at all. We're stargazing, here, after all.

If you are really interested in understanding the physics of a telescope, assessing, predicting, and comparing telescope performance, you can go to my personal web site on telescope equations:

Telescope Equations

You can also find a very comprehensive treatment of telescope physics here.

Planets - By Randy Culp

The planets are often conspicuous and will usually draw a question from somebody, along the lines of "What's that bright one over there?" So... check in advance and identify which planets are going to be up, and where they will be.
No one will notice Mercury, so you will need to actively hunt it down and point it out. It is a tricky one and needs to be at or near its greatest separation from the sun. You need to catch it at the right time of twilight -- too early and the sky is too bright to see it, too late and it's lost to the horizon. My experience is that there is a window of about 10 to 20 minutes - at best - in which Mercury can be seen -- but it is a worthwhile pursuit. Finding and catching Mercury can be an adventure in itself.
Mercury, Venus, and Mars make their best impression, from a stargazing point of view, by eye -- the telescope does not add a great deal unless you are quite serious about your astronomy. However, if Jupiter or Saturn, or both, are visible then either will make a good showing in the telescope -- Saturn for its rings, Jupiter for its bands, and either for its moons.

Hence if you expect to have Jupiter or Saturn in the sky it is also worthwhile to do a little homework (see links below) and determine where the moons will be positioned. This varies hour by hour so you need to be precise about when you will be showing it. We once had a moon pop out of nowhere -- Io was emerging from behind Jupiter as we were observing (very cool).
Magazines such as Astronomy or Sky & Telescope will give you planet positions, as well as positions of Jupiter's moons (Sky & Telescope also shows Saturn's moons). You can also get software that will give you this information. A good web-based Javascript program for locating Jupiter's Moons is available at Sky & Telescope Jupiter JavaScript and a similar one for Saturn's moons is available at Sky & Telescope Saturn JavaScript. A listing of available software can be found at Sea and Sky. Personally I use Starry Night and The Sky astronomy software.

Mars -- My presentation on Mars, recorded during the October Membership Meeting of the Milwaukee Astronomical Society held on 10-19-2020 via Zoom.

Pointers

The luminous beauty of the night sky has a presence that is overwhelming, and commands the attention of your tour group. This spectacular display does all the work -- our added value to the tour group is when we reveal to their eyes the things they otherwise would not have seen, noticed or appreciated. So stargazing is show and tell, with emphasis on the "show" and less on the "tell". These tours are designed to support that approach. Some pointers:

I have found that deep sky objects that are not visible (or barely visible) to the naked eye and pop out in the binoculars are a particular delight. A couple of classic examples are the Coathanger in the summer sky and the Beehive in the Winter/Spring sky. Some other similar goodies are the Double Cluster (winter), the Double-Double (summer), M13 (summer), and the Andromeda galaxy (fall/winter).
Focus only on what is easily visible. Extremely faint and challenging objects are best left for later, when you are testing the limits of your telescope with the hard-core crowd. Galaxies, in particular, look spectacular in photographs and fall well short of those images in the telescope. Aside from the Andromeda galaxy and M81, galaxies require a crystal-clear, dark sky, or a big telescope (8 inches or larger), and preferably both.
Attach a story to each celestial feature you point out. Answer the question of why your friends care that they can see it.
Hit the high points quickly and early, because the night chill and fatigue of the day will get to the crowd. Even under the best circumstances you will gradually lose more and more of your budding astronomers as the evening wears on.
If you are going to use a telescope for any part of your tour, it's best to have someone help by finding the next target in the telescope for you while you are showing and explaining other items of interest.

If you are going to direct stargazing and point the telescope too, practice finding those objects until you can do it quickly & easily. Practice on your own, well beforehand. Optimally you will practice on several nights under different conditions. If you're used to your light-polluted back yard and you get out under a dark sky full of stars you hadn't been seeing before, that can present a time-consuming challenge that will test the patience of your tour group (not a good tour feature).
You don't need to cover everything. Most stargazing sessions I lead with Scouts or otherwise, are spur-of-the-moment affairs prompted by the abrupt realization that we are under a perfect, clear, dark sky. As a result, while we have covered all the items of all these tours at one time or another, I doubt I've ever conducted a stargazing tour where I hit every single solitary item on the list. Rather, I follow the general flow and outline of the tours and allow the discussion to follow the interests of the group. As you might imagine, that seems to work out best.

Questions

Your questions and comments regarding the Stargazing section are welcome. You can e-mail the author, Randy Culp for inquiries, suggestions, new ideas or just to chat.
Updated 18 July 2023